How to make a can bus cable

How to make a can bus cable. Figure 1 shows the ECUs in a car connected to a CAN bus. We utilize less constructive material to provide significant savings versus non-segregated phase duct, conduit and wire, and other electrical feeders. Receiver nodes can flag errors by overwriting bits. You can make one of these yourself by using an ethernet cable and some GX12-5 connectors. Designed in accordance with the J1939 requirements, we offer cables to both J1939-11 and -15 for military ground vehicles. CAN protocol defines the Data Link Layer and part of the Physical Layer in the OSI model. High-quality components: Features a twisted data pair (26AWG), two power wires (20AWG), and Feb 28, 2022 · There’s probably at least 100 meters of it in the walls. Outer diameter 7. (1 foot) 1000 meters. A good cable bus system utilizes special cable support blocks that provide quality cable bracing to withstand large momentary short circuit. We look at how to For over 60 years, MP Husky Cable Bus Systems have been engineered and manufactured for superior reliability. For configuration, see the manual specific to the brand of battery you are using. From 6HC v1. mrdiy. Usage Apr 4, 2023 · This is the first of a two part series on the CAN Bus. The PDP ships with the CAN bus terminating resistor jumper in the “ON” position. Using the explorer panel, create a new “Managed Schematic Sheets” folder. Duet 3 Mini 5+. The range of BUS cables available today ensures that industries can find a suitable solution Bus cables or industrial communication cables are used for the digital signal transmission between sensors and the corresponding display units. Part The CAN-Bus Shield provides your Arduino or Redboard with CAN-Bus capabilities and allows you to hack your vehicle! CAN-Bus Shield connected to a RedBoard. A RLACS182 Clip-on Interface is available which encloses the CAN-hi and CAN-lo cables without breaking into them, inductively reading the signals. This cable is designed to be used as a CAN Bus cable. Selected shielded constructions are FLEX-RAY compatible @10 MHz and have been tested to meet 100 MHz. If your vehicle does not have an OBDII socket, the Video VBOX unit can be connected to the vehicle CAN Bus in a couple of ways. In this test, we remove the CAN termination in the middle of a log session. in. In most electrical applications over 1,000 amps, Cable Bus costs significantly less than non-segregated bus duct cable in tray or conduit and wire systems. igus®, the expert for tribologically optimized polymers, uses chainflex® bus cables in energy chains. Due to its robust nature, it has been widely adopted in the automotive industry. kr103. The primary advantage of CAN FD is its ability to support higher data rates and larger data payloads, making it well-suited for modern automotive and industrial applications that SAE J1939/11 CAN bus data cable provides high speed data communications in vehicular applications while reducing wiring and electronic/radio interference. The SAE J1939/15 is unshielded with no drain and the SAE J1939/11 CAN-Bus Cable is shielded with drain wire. LUTZE is a leader in structured cabling for industrial Ethernet based Sep 24, 2014 · CAN works by the transmitter node checking that its bits are correctly on the bus. 3m at 1Mbit/s rate per. 3. pcbway. you definetly can use it. Purchase all types of BUS Cables like Profibus Cable and Modbus Cable from LAPP Group. FEP + Silicone Jacket (See picture) Outer Diameter 5. Complete circuit with input and output ports. The CANUSB does not power the network: to use the CANUSB, make sure at least one other connected product does power the VE. Jun 23, 2021 · Extra pin for shielding with CAN bus connector. Standard ECOM Device - Controller Area Network (CAN) to USB hardware interface. ca/p/esp32-can-bus-shieldShoppin Oct 21, 2021 · Today is all about the CAN. chainflex CAN bus cables can be ordered classically by the metre on a drum or cable ring from 1m with no cutting charge or minimum quantity surcharges. The devices connected to the CAN network can send and receive messages through a twisted-pair cable. You might need to add a 120-ohm terminating resistor on each end Mar 20, 2021 · You probably need to build a specific CANBUS cable. Mfg #: 2170260. 02 and 6XD v1. In this video we will take a look at the physical aspects of the CAN Bus and the protocol itself. enovationcontrols. I'm trying to figure out the maximum bus length that a "non-transceiver" CAN bus network can work with. You don't need special "CanBus" wire. CAN-Bus Data Cable. CAN Bus Cable. Can' must be plugged into the VE. Part #: OLF2170260. There are two reasons in the protocol that this intentionally doesn't happen: If another transmitter is attempting to transmit, it overwrites some of the bits, and the lower priority message is held up. Test #2: Removing the CAN bus terminal resistor . Collectively, this system is referred to as a CAN bus. I am presently using a 4 wire bus for CAN (CANH,CANL,PWR,GND). View Full Details. 125C / 150C. Manufactured using low smoke halogen free sheath compounds in accordance with IEC 60092-359 Mar 11, 2021 · This resistance prevents signal reflection which can distort the signal and slow down communication since a re-send of the data is necessary. Aug 16, 2020 · Remember to provide for 120ohm termination resistors (across the can bus lines) at the transmitting end and the last receiver on the bus. Introducing the 3DO CAN BUS Cable - FEP/Silicone - 26AWG/1P+20AWG/2C, the perfect solution for your 3D printer needs. The CANUSB can be used to connect to all products with a VE. Image courtesy of EE JRW [CC BY-SA 4. Powering the VE. Their multi-layer design utilizes a rugged engineered fluoropolymer outer jacket, a braided shield and expanded PTFE/PTFE insulation for protection against Add to Compare. Those standards define how communication happens, how wiring is configured and how messages are constructed, among other things. May 8, 2024 · 2. It was originally designed by EControls to provide a CAN interface for OEM customers to communicate LUTZE offers an extensive portfolio of industrial grade cables for all major fieldbus and Ethernet systems. Can network. Packages have an adress, not nodes. Can network The VE. Product Description. Figure 1 shows the large number of connections typical of modern vehicles. To meet the offshore ship industries needs DNV- GL & ABS approved marine grade CAN Bus cables are available from stock. Earlier versions have a permanent termination resistor, so must be at one end of the CAN bus. The "non-transceiver" CAN bus network requires a single wire bus line. 0. 5 cm length. The CAN bus protocol ensures reliable data transfer with the low-level network. Order today! Jul 12, 2021 · It includes a brief description of CAN/SAE-J1939 before providing guidance on how to best construct, extend and diagnose CAN networks. CAN Bus is an asynchronous serial communication protocol CAN Cables. YOu need to get your inverter CAN port pin definition and wire the same pins name. Apr 14, 2020 · This article explores and provides answers to some common questions associated with CAN design and implementation challenges — in particular, signal termination in CAN systems. The CAN bus cables are connected using 6-pin screw terminals. g. Unterminated CAN Interface Cable. net In today's [FREE LESSON] Zac talks about and demonstrates how you can splice together new CAN Bus wires. For applications as for example parcel conveyor belts, sorting units in recycling plants and waste This article is under construction. A cable that’s too long may lead to a delay in communication, whereas one that’s too short might not reach all the necessary components. Can port of the GX device. The switch can also be operated in the installed condition. 4 cm. In addition to the J1939 CANbus cables, we offer designs which cater to marine and aerospace applications as well. Oct 3, 2020 · The first step is designing your circuit in a single schematic document, using ports for input and outputs, similarly to what you would do for hierarchical design. There is a whole lot of broken, amateur CAN implementations on the market, where they share the supply ground CAN-bus wires be sure to keep this twisting of wires intact. CAN Bus is being used more and more in the offshore industry replacing traditional multi-pair analogue wiring. In the following overview we would like to give you a survey of different May 8, 2024 · 2. Features 2x Twisted data pairs 26AWG for robust data transmission and 2x Power wire 24AWG Nov 28, 2018 · Most Arduino CAN libraries have a demo sketch that sends the received CAN messages to the PC USB serial port. As we couldn't find a satisfying CAN BUS cable on the market (that fits the requirements for 3D printers), we decided to make our own. This is because communication flows both ways on the CAN bus. 1 Strip insulation from lead ends Sever defective cable at suitable location. The Duet 3 Mainboard 6HC and 6XD have a single RJ11 CAN connector, and if they are the main controller, are usually connected at one end of the CAN bus. Dec 4, 2010 · Astronomer. Sending and Steps to test a CAN with two terminating resistors: 1. Would this imply using 5 pin connectors and crimping the shield into one of them (which is then connected to ground) Or is there a different way . Due to the high transmission rate and data flow, standard data cables are not sufficient any more. You need to calibrate your DIY battery to setup the capacity, or you can CAN card manufacturers provide a ‘CAN Analyzer’ to help debug the CAN bus. BUS Cables. See full list on togglebit. In some cases it might be needed to make the cable at the location. Definition of CAN Bus. horace November 28, 2018, 1:40pm 3. In igus®'s own test laboratory, the chainflex® bus cables are tested in e-chains® with many million cycles and under extreme conditions. Designed in-house after finding no satisfactory options on the market, this cable is built to meet the rigorous demands of 3D printers. Nov 13, 2023 · For high-speed/FD CAN, both ends of the pair of signal wires (CAN_H and CAN_L) must be terminated. 1mm ±0. CAN Bus Cables for a C ontroller A rea N etwork have been standardised for different application fields. 5 out of 5 stars Read Reviews (10) Write a Review. AVAILABILITY: Contact 800-633-6339 for Availability. You can contact us directly in India: Tel: 1800-309-1111. to/3druqug====================Social====================https://www. The wires should make one winding per 2. Get high quality products at relatively low prices by choosing LAPP India. As copper prices have continued to remain at historically high levels, the savings Canbus cables. ) Braided tinned copper total shield (90% density) Silicone 1. 1. Download Brochure. [mark] had an interesting idea when looking at all the wiring of a typical 3D printer; Use CAN Bus. LED direct connection to MCU, etc. This shield allows you to poll the ECU for information including coolant temperature, throttle position, vehicle speed, and engine rpms. It was initially developed by Robert Bosch GmbH in the 1980s for in-vehicle communications. 0A and CAN 2. CAN-Bus cable from Waytek is RoHS compliant. It supports data rates of up to 1 megabit per second (Mbps) and handles medium bandwidth requirements. com. Champlain Cable 23-00070 EXRAD Can-Bus Cable, 18 Ga. 3 meters. Our range of BUS cables, including: INTERBUS cables, PROFIBUS cables, DeviceNET cables, CAN bus cables, Safety BUS cables and ASI bus cables, are suitable for use on the relevant bus systems. In this case it is not a safety measure, but the resistance measurements will not be correct if it is not disconnected. Can and BMS-Can) on a GX Device can be configured for use with a CAN-bus BMS connected third party battery. Experience the power of reliable data transfer with our 3DO CAN BUS + USB Cable, specifically designed to meet the demands of 3D printers. Jan 20, 2024 · How to make a can bus cable? The production of data bus cable involves a series of steps to ensure that the final product meets the standard for effective communication within CAN systems. These cables come in various types, each designed to cater to specific applications and requirements. Our networking solutions are designed to meet all protocol specific bus and Ethernet standards and are available for static, flexible, and high flexing applications. #2 · Dec 6, 2010. The largest spreading has got the high speed type acc. 0] In a CAN bus network, each device is monitoring the line and sending data in a sequence. For CAN based communication systems like CANopen, flame retardant acc. For CAN bus systems; stationary applications; 120 ohms. CAN Buscables for fixed installation - UL/SCA certified. Now the cable needs to be shielded. Separate the can bus pins from other high speed pins with a ground pin in between. 4. You can also store this data or output it to a screen Dec 12, 2022 · A CAN bus enables communication using two wires: CAN low (CAN L) and CAN high (CAN H). IEC 60332-1-2, temperature range from -40°C up to +80°C. Oct 2, 2022 · Crimping own networking cable. Clip on CAN Bus Interface. Fits perfectly PG7 8. This cable isn't your average find on the market; we've crafted it ourselves to ensure it ticks every box. The Standard ECOM cable is a USB2. Figure 8. (3280 feet) 0. Figure 2. Our ruggedized constructions provide customers a solution which withstands most harsh Apr 1, 2020 · 1. It is developed for the automotive industry to replace the complex wiring harness with a two-wire bus. On the other hand, Ethernet tends to be a more expensive physical-layer interface, requires costly technology for functioning like routers and switches, and has EMI and EMC issues. Advantages of CAN bus. It should be twisted and shielded. Manufacturer: LAPP. The first step to check the CAN with a multimeter is to disconnect the vehicle battery. The CAN Bus Cable is used to connect the 14. Both port types (VE. Fundamental data communication of any kind dictates that you absolutely must have a signal ground, thus the 2 conductor cable is hobbyist nonsense. Leaving more than 1/2" untwisted can jeopardize connectivity and quality. – pipe. Champlain Cable combines the expertise of data communications and irradiated cross-linked materials to create EXRAD® CAN-Bus cables. You only keep the two wires in the middle and cut the first and the last ones. 5mm cable jacket. CAN (Controller Area Network) is a serial communication network that can realize distributed real-time control. Product Overview. Lapp manufacturers the above bus cables for stationary installations, power chain applications or outdoor/direct burial. This effectively corresponds to immediately setting the bit level to dominant. No, not the food preservation vessel and certainly not the lavatory! Specifically, we're talking about CAN communication - what Jun 28, 2022 · It is easy to use and cost-effective. lib@lapp. com/hc/en-us/articles/360038856494-CAN-BUS-Properties-Troubleshooting-G "How a communication bus is wired determines how you diagnose it!" In the second part of this three part series, we dive deeper into CAN Bus wiring and how t Jan 26, 2024 · Cables wise, IGUS's Chainflex Control Cable is often used (does 20awg all around), but 3DO has been making their own CAN Bus cable and uses 20awg for power and 26awg for signal for a more flexible cable. The side labeled 'CAN-bus BMS' plugs into the battery. This process includes: Step 1. Since Cable Bus is continuous there are no power losses An industrial bus is a communication system that transfers data between components or devices within different levels at a manufacturing plant: the information level, control level, and field level. If all nodes are in this condition , the bus is in an idle state. 20 gauge, 2 conductor, black jacket. Figure 7. – Tom Kuschel. EXRAD CAN-Bus cables are used as the backbone of the J-1939 physical layer. Connector: should be fine as long as the contacts are clean. The protection is optimal when used with a twisted pair cable, we always advise to use DMX bus cable like the 'Van Damme Smart Control DMX 1 pair'. In this video we take a look at a real world example of sending data from an ECU to a PDM. 3. It's designed to be 120-Ohm at the nominal baud rate, but adherence to that impedance specification pretty Feb 6, 2024 · The maximum recommended cable length for a CAN bus is 40 meters end-to-end, with lengths over 500 meters requiring a 120 ohm terminating resistor at each end. You have to use bus termination on each side of the bus - 120 Ohm at the RS485 too. The EBB boards don't have an input fuse (an odd oversight), but the EBB SB ones do, 24v/4A. requirements. Make sure any CAN nodes e. there are USB-CAN adapters which can connect directly to a PC to read and transmit Canbus data - look on Ebay etc. CAN_L is pin 2 and CAN_H is pin 7 on the standard 9-pin D-SUB connector. CAN wiring from the PCM to the PDP. 5. 0 high-speed device that allows Controller Area Network (CAN) traffic to be transmitted and received using a computer or laptop. For CAN connectors, Waytek offers Deutsch DT compatible 3-way connectors and Amphenol AHD 9 Selecting the Ideal Cable Length for CAN Bus Connectivity. 191 posts · Joined 2008. The main cable must be no longer than 700 m! This distance does not include the branches (which must nevertheless be short). With the CAN bus on, use an oscilloscope to differentially measure the signal levels at both ends of the CAN bus. CAN BUS (Controller Area Network) is a very deterministic BUS heavily used in the automotive industry. With the power off, use an Ohms meter to verify 60 Ω across CAN_H and CAN_L. 0mm cable gland for use with Umbilical (can also be used in drag chains) The copper braid shield and the aluminum foil shield have Jun 23, 2022 · Now that we have our new string and control cable installed, how to make the buss cable for your compound bow is up next and that is what we cover in this vi The latency parameter here will be analyzed with the effect of bus line length variations (2 m, 5 m, 8 m, 10 m, and so on). Go back to Modbus RS485 cabling rules ↑. The bus routing for a typical vehicle involves a great many connections. 2mm ± 0. Sep 2, 2023 · 3. Apr 1, 2020 · Additional troubleshooting tips and resources here: https://support. CAN Bus (Control Area Network) is a non-addressable system that treats all devices as equal allowing for fast transmission of data. , UnShielded J1939/15 is in stock and ready to ship. Our friendly customer officer and expert sales team will be very happy to help. In the following overview we would like to give you a survey of different Jul 26, 2023 · Please subscribe, like the video and share!!Link for grinding shield I use https://amzn. That run is over 50 meters and runs halfway around the house and 10m up a tower. CAN is used for ECU communication in cars. The bus is optimised for a band efficient digital information exchange on the controller level. Using bunch of old wires to make some cables for my future CAN-BUS hack. The minimum amount of signals used in CAN are 3: CAN High, CAN Low and signal ground. i Feb 13, 2019 · #lifehack for twisting cables for differential signal wiring. Image used courtesy of the Infosec Institute. @TomKuschel Stop answering questions in the comment section. Oil and chemical-resistant, easy to strip. Jan 26, 2023 · The classic CAN bus is described in the ISO11898 standard. But if you’re only ever going to make one cable, no need to buy a tool. Apr 4, 2023 · The second of a two part series on the CAN Bus. A driver on the bus can also be in a third state, with the driver outputs in a high impedance state. 2: Geometry and connection of the double shielded CAN cable At the double shielded line the user has to take special care that the outer shield is connected with the earth potential only via one connector housing. This is used all across the design for various boards. Deciding on the length of your CAN bus cables is more than a measure of distance; it directly influences the efficiency of data transmission. Jun 25, 2020 · Any cable over 15 ft MUST be a data only (no power) cable. Aug 23, 2020 · This video is a full training course designed to explain the basics of can bus, its need in modern vehicles, how it operates, the topology and testing metho J1939/11 CAN bus cable are recommended by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) for light and heavy-duty offroad vehicles and stationary applications utilizing vehicular-derived components such as generator sets. The maximum number of devices that can be connected to a main cable is 32, including the Master. The physical layer of a CAN bus is comprised of cables, cable impedance, electrical signal levels, node requirements, and other items required for Jan 24, 2023 · Introducing my new ESP32 CAN Bus Shield. The data link layer of the CAN bus is described by ISO 11898-1 with the physical layer described by ISO 11898-2. Feb 19, 2019 · In particular, CAN was developed to reduce cable wiring, so the separate electronic control units (ECUs) inside a vehicle could communicate with only a single pair of wires. As ampacity and/or the cost of copper increases the cost savings of Cable Bus over other systems is even greater. Jul 30, 2023 · You need 2x JST-PH 4 pins male with wires and 2 solder tubes for AWG 26-24. In this condition, both bus lines are usually at a similar voltage with a small differential. to ISO 11898-2. Mar 1, 2024 · Understanding BUS Cables: BUS (short for busbar) cables are used to transmit electrical power or signals between different components within a system. Signaling for CAN differs in that there are only two bus voltage Cable Performance & Specifications. (3280 feet) If a cable stub (un-terminated cable) or T-connector is used to tap into the bus line, then the stub distance should not exceed 0. This is a twisted pair Apr 25, 2018 · 6. D6. 20AWG or larger diameter will be adequate. Email: info. If your termination is correct, you should read The special feature of our bus cables is that they are primarily designed for movement. CAN = Controller Area Network. It is just twisted pair wiring and if you want you can get it shielded or not shielded. You can actually buy CAN-Bus wire. Twist pitch of data pair 30mm. Nov 3, 2021 · November 3, 2021. Can network requires at least one product present that powers the network. 15. Contact Us Today. While all the types listed below are for high flexing automation applications, static versions can also be supplied. CAN BUS may have several tens of controllers on the same BUS and you CAN Bus Cables for a C ontroller A rea N etwork have been standardised for different application fields. 0, boards have a cuttable trace to allow the termination The CAN bus connector is plugged directly onto the CAN bus interface (SUB-D socket, 9-pin) of the CAN bus participants. It is a half-duplex BUS, that operates using a pair of differential signals. DS 102 Version 2. There are a lot of wires going to the extruder assembly, and with most designs Understanding the Basics of CAN Bus. Any chainflex PROFINET cable can be ordered as a ready-harnessed cable in a desired length, no minimum Feb 20, 2023 · Cut the top of the wires even with one another so that they are 1/2" (12. igus also offers these cables as harnessed readycables. 5 mm) long from the base of the jacket, as the jacket needs to go into the 8P8C connector by about 1/8", meaning that you only have a 1/2" of room for the individual cables. a motor controller, are still attached but powered down. Mar 12, 2019 · TE’s CANbus cables are designed to provide speeds up to 1 Mb/s. The J1939/11 standard defines a 250K bit/second, twisted shielded pair physical layer construction with 120 ohm characteristic 1 x 24AWG extra wire (blue) for whatever use (es. It’s been in place and working flawlessly for over ten years. Used for motion control networks including discrete manufacturing, mass transit, building automation, maritime electronics applications, Belden CAN-Bus Cables for CANopen networks are CMP listed for flame and smoke protection, and engineered for maximum performance and cost savings—without the need for conduit. Temperature rating 200C. Nov 7, 2023 · CAN FD (Flexible Data-rate) is a recent addition to the family of CAN bus protocols (2012), designed to address some of the limitations of CAN 2. I also use Cat5 for the CAN bus to my weather station. I use one of the twisted pairs for CAN and one for DC power. Ground the shield at only one end to avoid ground loop interference. Can connection. 2170260 - LAPP UNITRONIC® BUS CAN Cable - 24 AWG/1 pair - Violet. Termination Resistors. Can port of the GX device, or the BMS-Can port. But literally you can just get normal hook up wire (say 22 ga stranded wire), use a drill to switch the pair together and then put a connector on each end. Can' must be plugged into either the VE. In the manufacturing process of bus cables, it is imperative to first identify the specific bus standards, such as CAN bus It is resistant to abrasions and cuts, while also has an excellent resistance to oil and chemicals. The termination resistors on a cable should match the nominal impedance of the cable. you can't always use a standard straight/cross ethernet cable seplos CAN port pins definition is CAN-L --> 4, CAN-H --> 5, GND --> 3,6. 4V Accessory Power Port on the RONINTM 2 to the CAN1 port on a DJI A3 flight controller. CAN/CAN FD can only support up to 1 Mbps-10Mbps of bus load 1000 meters. May 29, 2020 · This allows for a minimized impedance and voltage drop, an optimal balance of loads between the conductors, and maximum load-carrying capacity because of free air rated conductors. 2. (Two-channel scope set to BOTH with ADD and INVERT ON). The other side, labeled 'VE. - Pins 2/3 must be connected using a twisted pair wire. The following pinout/rules must be followed when making you own cable: - Leave Pin 5 disconnected on each end for a data-only cable. Always use high quality, shielded twisted pair such as Belden 3084A. Feb 12, 2019 · To check your network’s termination, disconnect the CAN interface’s D-sub 9 pin from the network and measure resistance through the cable by placing a digital multimeter / ohmmeter between pin 2 and 7. there are a number of Arduino based Canbus Monitors on github. Termination It is recommended that the wiring starts at the roboRIO and ends at the PDP because the CAN network is required to be terminated by 120 \(\Omega\) resistors and these are built into these two devices. Be sure not to damage the isolation of the inner wires. Moreover, communication is non-real-time and non-deterministic. 0B. Apr 1, 2020 at 19:52. Jan 10, 2023 · Unlike USB and Ethernet, the CAN protocol operates without host computer support. The 120-ohm controlled impedance GORE CAN Bus Cables for Aerospace & Defense offer a slim, light design for improved flexibility and reduced bend radius. Below are the key benefits that make the standard widely Oct 28, 2019 · Pylontech. Within a bus system there are various communication systems such as DeviceNet, ControlNet, Profibus, and Ethernet. Note: Wire strip tool MKM-6383 can be used Sold by the metre or harnessed. Installation. Strip outer isolation over a length of approx. Unlike other commmunication buses the CAN-bus assigns addresses to messages, not to nodes. A diagram of a CAN bus node. Typically, the speed standards are 100K, 250K, 500K or 1Mbit. TYPE: Bus. Controller area network is an electronic communication bus defined by the ISO 11898 standards. comGet the CAN Shield - https://store. About CAN. Pin-out. Importantly, CAN relies on a non-destructive arbitration system to avoid data collisions on the bus. Fig. 20. Z = 120 Ω. Figure 1. 1x Twisted data pair 26AWG, 2x Power wire 20AWG, 1x Drain / ground wire. A slide switch is used to set whether the connector is to be used as a node or at the segment end. 10 PCBs for $5 USD at https://www. Maximum distance and maximum number of devices. Zac walks us through the process of prepping wires for splicing, how to properly crimp Step 1: What Is CANBUS. CAN Bus is a robust and reliable communication system that enables real-time data transmission between different components of a system. li nj cr ta of sl tg sx qa ak