Buffalo mating facts. Lion reproduction is a fascinating aspect of wildlife. A “breeding season” can generalized based on mating peaks, which are usually towards the end of the wet season, as the majority of births occur during the wet season about Nov 6, 2017 · Bison are not monogamous, but rather polygynous, meaning bulls are will mate with more than one female, but females will only mate with one bull. [1] Two extant types of water buffalo are recognized Homosexual behavior in animals. Apr 23, 2013 · Bison versus Buffalo. Actually, there were around 60 million buffalos. Male bison (called bulls) weigh up to 2,000 pounds and stand 6 feet tall, while females (called cows) weigh up to 1,000 pounds and reach a height of 4-5 feet. 7 m (3. Download Nature Stock Video Footage – Bull bison mating with cow during August rut/closeup. Scent MarkingBoth males and females use s The major reproductive problems affecting buffaloes are. And, because ordinary beef animals couldn’t withstand the rigors of northern winter, cross-breeding was started with buffalo and cows. The Hide may be as thick as 2 inches thick in certain parts. Herds usually consist of adult females, their calves, and sub-adult females. The mating behavior of lions involves extended copulation, which stimulates ovulation in the female and ensures paternity for the It is the largest of the buffalofishes and can reach a length of more than 4 ft (1. 2 ft). Aug 12, 2019 · 9. 4 m (5. Females are normally smaller, at 7 to 10 feet in length (2. The American bison is the national mammal of the United States. African Buffalo are strongly gregarious. 49 oz) in females. Oct 19, 2023 · Only the victor of this fight will get the pleasure of mating with this female buffalo. Its life span is up to 30years. At this time, males leave their mothers and live alone or join a bachelor herd. The gestation period is just over 11 months, or 340 days. 1. 8 meters) tall. Sexual Dimorphism: The males are up to 100 kg heavier and more massive than the females. Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Facts. za Buffaloes mating as seen at Pondoro on the 17th of May 2016. A closer look at the head shows glossy green and purple setting off the striking white patch. Owing to increased population in northern parts of the country, cattle for meat became necessary. The noises made by copulating tigers have been compared to a “chorus” of “a hundred pairs of noisy catsmultiplied copiously. Mating Plugs: In some species, males deposit a substance, known as a mating plug, in the female’s reproductive tract after copulation. Predominantly identified in the collective imagination as the ‘cape buffalo’, this species represents tenacity and strength in sub-Saharan Africa’s vast savannas and grasslands. It is generally a short and intense period, lasting around 4-6 weeks. Up to 5. Jun 4, 2019 · Grizzly Bears Pairing up during mating season in Canada's Rockies. The name “bison” is derived from Latin and means “wild ox. Amazing sighting of buffalo mating! EcoTraining now has a dedicated page on our website for 24/7 access to WildEarth LIVE Safaris. 3 to 9. Water buffalo is black or white in color. In other side most part of Nepal animal fertilization proces Jun 8, 2022 · Beefalo, a bison-cattle hybrid, is being touted as the healthy meat of the future. A large, chunky, thickset weaver. May 7, 2024 · Step 10: Successful Breeding is Also Important. The young males generally mate first within their 3-3. The US Army, who administered Yellowstone at the Less sociable than most ducks, seen in pairs or small groups, almost never in large flocks. A black fly or blackfly [1] (sometimes called a buffalo gnat, turkey gnat, or white socks) is any member of the family Simuliidae of the Culicomorpha infraorder. Herds are usually led by a dominant, older, female – often accompanied by a single adult male. Females are a subdued gray-brown with a neat white patch on the cheek. They live in herds consisting of a dozen or more related cows and their offspring from the past two birthing seasons, accompanied by four or five breeding bulls. During this time, dominant males engage in intense competitions, often involving violent horn clashes, to gain mating access to females in estrus. Mating Calls: Vocalizations are common in the animal kingdom. co. Water buffalo is the second largest type of wild cattle that can be seen in the wild. Buffalo are known to kill Lions. It is related to the Ceratopogonidae, Chironomidae, and Thaumaleidae. One of their most distinctive features is their set of horns. During this time, the majority of mating and Gestation period: 310-330 days. Jun 4, 2023 · #buffalo mating video. Not to be mistaken for the American Buffalo, the African Buffalo is a creature that can adjust to a wide assortment of living spaces, approaches speeds of 37 mph (59 kmph), and in a real sense cannot be restrained. Average Life Span In The Wild: 11 to 22 years. pondoro. Horns: The span of the horns is wide and can reach up to 130 cm. Herds migrate to higher elevations and cooler temperatures in the summer and lower elevations and warmer temperatures in the winter. Cop­u­la­tion is ini­ti­ated by the bull and is quick. Stable herds of up to several hundred are often observed, but which fragment into smaller herds in times of drought. There are 22 breeds of the river type water buffalo and 16 local swamp buffalo breeds in various regions. Bison are now found on pri­vate and pro­tected lands in areas of the west­ern United States and Canada (Na­tional Bison As­so­ci­a­tion, 2002). This large herbivore mainly eats grass, although its diet also includes leaves and shoots of other types of vegetation. The last 14 years have seen dramatic changes at a livestock farm in North England. [1] [2] [3] Various forms of this are found in This animal's true name is the American bison, but most people call them buffalo. Join us & Oct 21, 2023 · The Carabaoes or swamp buffaloes are a subspecies of the water buffalo native to the Philippines 2. There are also many rules to be followed when breeding rabbits in order to produce the best rabbits possible. Moreover, there are 74 breeds of domestic water buffalo. Footage starting at $15. Key Behaviors. Buffalo breeding is quite flexible, and both males and females are polygamous. 1910) Water buffalo is a large animal. Cape buffalo are non-territorial and extremely sociable animals. Lion cubs have dark spots on their coat when they are born, which fade until only faint belly spots remain in adulthood. 1899) A carabao cart (kareton) in the Philippines (c. Feb 28, 2024 · After mating, a female water buffalo will chase away the male. The mating goes on for about three days. The African buffalo is a large, robust animal with a stocky build. Male carabaos weigh between 1764 to 2,204 pounds, and females weigh 1,323 to 1,764 pounds. Mating occurs between March and May. , will be part of the process to create Dec 28, 2016 · Explore the wild world of lions with this list of interesting lion facts, from amazing statistics to cultural appropriations of the "king of the jungle. Feb 13, 2024 · The African buffalo symbolises the untamed wilderness with its robust form and powerful presence. Adult lions range in color from buff to gray to various shades of brown. 2 to 11. Takes wing easily from the water, flies with rapid wingbeats. " Rights Managed. Farmers rely on carabaos, which have become indispensable to the country’s agricultural industry and cultural heritage. Jun 8, 2022 · Beefalo, a bison-cattle hybrid, is being touted as the healthy meat of the future. Buffalo toward the front of a moving herd tend to be in better physical condition than those toward the rear. According to the national agency Parks Canada, the entire breeding population of these wild and "semiwild" bison is descended from just eight individuals that survived the period of near extinction, due to overhunting and tuberculosis infecting the herd. They were often hunted by Native Americans. Although females are polyestrous and can mate and birth throughout the year, the mating peak of the mating season occurs at the end of the wet season. com. The river buffalo makes up nearly 75% of the buffalo population in Asia ( Figure 2 ). Mating and births can occur throughout the year because female buffalo are polyestrus, with a cycle lasting 21 to 22 days. These majestic animals are polygamous and breed throughout the year. 7 to 3. Whole­sale slaugh­ter of bison herds caused the ex­ter­mi­na­tion of wild bison from the major part of their for­mer range until re­cently. The male water buffalo will then seek other females to mate with. 6 to 11 feet from head to tail and weigh between 1,100 to 2,200 pounds (500 to 1,000 kilograms). Along with their formidable size, bison have Feet: The legs are relatively shorter but are sturdy and muscular. The Association also serves to bring focus on the potential of this animal in the North America and to bring together those who are interested in the development of the breed. Standing 5 to 6. In addition to its white head and underparts, the white-headed buffalo weaver has a vividly orange-red rump and undertail coverts. Sep 14, 2011 · Villagers Buffalo's matting The results obtained in this investigation may be used to develop genomic predictions, and increase the accuracy of breeding values for semen quality traits for bufalo species which in turn facilitate the selection of high genetic merit breeding bulls for genetic improvement. They will breed easily if you keep a male in your herd. Cape Buffalo Quick Facts. Females in a pride are usually limited to one or two adult males for mating. Narrow white bands can be found on the wings. From dominance displays and frequent mating to induced ovulation and the role of cubs, lions exemplify the complexity of reproductive strategies in the animal kingdom. Swamp buffaloes generally become mature and start breeding at an older age than the river buffalo breeds. meat and draught power to Apr 25, 2017 · Therein, these buffalo face the way they want to go and the dominant female will lead them where the majority pointed. Aug 13, 2023 · This video is about the surprising facts about Bears’ (Ursidae) mating behaviors, including real mating footages. 5. Females and males both mate with multiple partners. These large herds break into smaller groups when drought occurs in South Africa. Conflicting reports suggest that wild water buffalo have either a distinct breeding season, an extended rut up to five months long, or year-round reproduction; this may, in part, be attributed to regional differences. This hybrid bull, which lives on the A&K Ranch near Raymondville, Mo. 10. Female water buffaloes have one baby every couple of years, following a gestation period of 9 to 11 months. Anestrus. With a gestation period of 330 days, 1 calf is born at a time. Males are three times bigger than females. Reaching up to 10 feet in length and more than 300 pounds, Komodo dragons are the heaviest lizards on Earth. A buoyant, large-headed duck that abruptly vanishes and resurfaces as it feeds, the tiny Bufflehead spends winters bobbing in bays, estuaries, reservoirs, and lakes. Exploring these 19 facts has offered a glimpse Apr 3, 2019 · A lion's body ranges in length from 4. Body Color: The entire body is a single solid color – dark to smoky gray. It lives in grassland habitats near to forests and water into which it retreats during the heat of the day. Though they can give birth to twins, most produce a single calf per season. ” It may have originated from the Baltic region, meaning “stinking animal,” referencing the smell of the bulls during breeding season. They usually feed in the morning and evening. Nov 24, 2009 · November 2009. 2 m) and 80 lb (36 kg) in weight. Its thighs are dark brown. 6. Beginning in early June as the breeding activities start, mature bulls will join mixed-sex groups to compete for mating opportunities. 4. After mating, the female Cape buffalo carries her calf for a gestation period of about 11 months. 13:54. ” During mating the male often bites the female’s neck and the female responds by turning her head around and roaring right in the males face. When food is plentiful, the herds gather in Buffalo Society Buffalo herds have relatively stable compositions, changed only by births and deaths. Pregnancy and Birth. Water buffalo are both diurnal and nocturnal. African buffaloes frequently come into conflict with humans. Males acquire harems of females and chase away rival males. Funny Animals Videos - Funny Animal Mating, Dog Mating, Funny animal compilation 2015 (1) Funny Collection 2015. African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) bull mating with a cow. The white-headed buffalo weaver is 170 to 190 mm (6. Males carry enormous backward-curving, crescent-shaped horns stretching close The African buffalo is a very robust species. 90 oz) in males and 70. Black fly. The amount of wal­low­ing and tree horn­ing also in­creases dur­ing the rut (Meagher, 1986). Parturition associated problems include dystocia, still birth, abortions, retained The National Water Buffalo Gene Pool in Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, is a facility for continuous selection, testing, and propagation of superior breeds of dairy buffalo. 6 to 11. Known for their complex social structures and weighing up to 900 Buffalo are truly good swimmers. 9 meters) high at the hump and nine to 12. The eggs can remain fertile for 48 days whereas the sperms are alive for several days in dogs. They were very close to extinction. This may the largest of the Ploceidae (weaver birds). Bigmouth buffalo are group spawners, with one specific breeding area supporting 3 to 30 spawning units that reproduce simultaneously, with 3 to 5 fish per unit. Factors such as mate choice, competition for mates, and mating displays play crucial roles in animal mating behaviors. These rituals involve synchronized movements, displays of affection, and vocalizations to communicate and strengthen their bond. Environment: Dawn Summer Meadow Nature Park-Reserve Rocky Mountains Topside Grand Teton National Park North America Wyoming Yellowstone United States. 10:52. In the 1800s, market hunting and the US Army nearly caused the extinction of the bison. The pre-parturient complications conditions lead to parturition associated problems as well as delayed involution of the uterus and metritis. Draft animals A carabao sled (kangga) in the Philippines (c. The dairy breeds of river buffaloes in India are the Murrah, Nili-Ravi and Surti and in Pakistan the Nili-Ravi Feb 1, 2024 · Mating Rituals. Average Life Span In Captivity: Up to 29 years. They have long, flat heads with rounded snouts, scaly skin, bowed legs, and huge Action: Courtship Herbivore Mate. They can stand up to six feet (1. Download high quality 4K, HD, SD & more. Buffalo's are large and may reach 6. Typical mating season timeline. 0 oz) in weight. May 7, 2024 · Buffalo visit water at least once/day. Breeding herds travel 2-3 times as far per day as do bachelor herds, and "pathfinder" individuals usually guide the herds. Buffalo have smooth tongues. Litter size: Typically one. Two male mallards ( Anas platyrhynchos) Various non-human animal species exhibit behavior that can be interpreted as homosexual or bisexual. Aug 5, 2021 · Fun Buffalo Facts For Kids. Most Feb 14, 2019 · Nowdays animals fertilization process is done by veterans, It's called artifical insemination. The water buffalo will be found mostly in marsh and swampland. Calves nurse for a year, becoming mature at age 3. One male water buffalo can mate with several females and, during mating, competitive conflict among males can result in serious injuries. Here are ten incredible facts about them. ©Roger de la Harpe. These physical contests can be fierce and are crucial in determining which males will have the opportunity to mate. The bison mating season typically occurs during the late summer and early fall months, although the exact timing can vary depending on environmental factors such as geographical location and climate. 5 years of age. bio http://www. More on Grizzly Bears. Males are striking black-and white from a distance. During the mating season, males compete for females by engaging in head-to-head battles. The male is chocolate-brown with red legs and a hefty vermilion bill; the female and juvenile are paler and streaky underneath, with paler bills. , will be part of the process to create A mature bull can reach 5. Young males leave female herds when they are around 3 years old and form bachelor herds. With the proper knowledge and understanding of the rabbit breeding cycle, as Bison are good swim­mers as well as run­ners, ca­pa­ble of reach­ing speeds of 62 km/hr. These two buffalo types differ in their wallowing habits, chromosome numbers and physical features ( Table 1 ). At one time, bison were wide­spread from Alaska to north­ern Mex­ico (Meagher, 1986). [2] The first reference for buffalo genome sequencing was released in 2017 (Williams et al. Life span is typically 18-20, up to 29 in captivity. com/Grizzly-Brown-Bear-Jasper-Wildlife. Post parturient disorders. 7 g (2. Bison are the largest terrestrial animal in North America. Other interesting African buffalo facts: On average, the African buffalo is active 18 hours per day. be/siSGoIhJfZ0how animal mating,animal breedin Rabbit Mating Facts (Breeding Cycle, Limits, Chart) Rabbits go through a breeding cycle which should be followed strictly in order to produce healthy babies. Pregnancy. 5 feet; Weight: 1,100 to 2,200 pounds; Lifespan: 15 to 25 years in the wild; Diet: Herbivore, primarily grasses and vegetation 5. The Cape buffalo’s mating rituals are as unique as the animal itself. A typical male Red-billed Buffalo Weaver will have up to eight nest chambers and numerous females. Bigmouth buffalo populations have been in decline in the northern extent of their range since the 1970s, including Minnesota, North Dakota, and Canada. 8 feet in height, and weight between 1500 and 2650 pounds. Generally it lives in lakes, or in sluggish areas of large rivers. Their coloration ranges from dark brown to almost black. 2 to 3. 0 to 1. A male can weigh upwards of a ton (900 kilograms), and a female can weigh about 900 pounds (400 kilograms). Cape Buffalo. Estrus itself typically lasts 24 hours or less. 2 feet tall at the shoulder, with a body length of 8. Upon breeding season, herds of males and females approach each other again. 0–3. Water buffalo are social and live in herds of up to 30 individuals. Average daily movement is 1. Mating systems can vary, including monogamous, polygynous, and polyandrous systems. Buffaloes are naturally very good breeders. Bison calves weigh 30-70 pounds at birth. , 2017), lacking the sequence in the chromosome and genes annotation, which was completed and updated in 2019 (Low et al. 5 feet (1. After mating, do not let the female mate to any other dogs. 1 g (2. Breeding. 3 to 5. Gaur is the largest species of the wild cattle. Bison can weigh 1,800 to 2,400 pounds (816 to 1,088 kilograms). . Gestation period is 330 days. Dur­ing the rut, bulls fight among them­selves. Funny Animals Videos - Funny Animal Mating Dog Mating Funny animal compilation 2015. 8 to 11 feet in length. , 2019). Many people are unsure whether to refer to this species as “bison” or “buffalo. 2 feet tall at the shoulder, wild water buffalo are formidable mammals with sparse gray-black coats. Buffalo-Weavers forage on the ground in small to large Feb 28, 2024 · Water buffalo are social animals and are not territorial. Interesting Facts about the Buffalo. 3 days ago · Conclusion. Outside national parks, these giants are considered crop pests and are seen as dangerous animals due to their size, aggressive nature, and formidable horns. Despite their size, a charging buffalo can reach up to 37 miles per hour. However, this number is rarely larger than 20 for the forest subspecies. Repeat breeding and. Reproduction of the Buffalo. Cows and bulls typically live apart for most of the year, coming . Sexual maturity: 18 months Life span: 25 years. Buffalo's have smooth tongues. The African buffalo is a very sociable animal, and can live in herds of up to 100 individuals. See full list on animalia. Adults can measure between 5. Weaning: 6-9 months. Mating occurs in late summer, and one calf is born the following spring. 6 to 9. Family groups prefer dry woodlands with large trees that hold their sprawling and messy communal nests. The gestation period of a wild buffalo lasts from 300 to 340 days, after which a female gives birth to one or two calves. 6 height and weigh in at between 660 to 1900 pounds. These powerful displays are a sight to behold. Called a “boss”, the bases of a male buffalo’s horns come together to form a shield. A pest to ranchers, a prize to hunters, and a Nov 28, 2004 · Wallowing behaviour of river buffalo. Apr 11, 2023 · Red-billed Buffalo Weavers are polygynous (the breeding practice of a male breeding with more than one female at the same time) and colonial. , 2019; Mintoo et al. [4] The body length of full grown red-billed buffalo weavers is 21 to 25 cm (8. Mar 10, 2022 · Mission: The American Water Buffalo Association promotes the scientific study of raising, breeding, and marketing of Buffalo - BubalusBubalis . Initially purchasing two water buffalo, Kate and Paul Langthorne were hoping to create a domestic supply of buffalo milk for their son, who has severe dairy allergies. By 1902, poachers reduced Yellowstone’s herd to about two dozen animals. A baby bison is referred to as a ‘red dog’. In East Africa, they are known to break fences, raid cultivated crops, and they may even spread bovine diseases to livestock. https://jasperwildlife. 8 meters) in length. Sep 27, 2017 · In 1956, 29 bison were brought from Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge in Nebraska and released in the South Unit of Theodore Roosevelt National Park. This may include same-sex sexual activity, courtship, affection, pair bonding, and parenting among same-sex animal pairs. The African buffalo is a social animal Aug 18, 2023 · The buffalo is a unique and fascinating animal with a very interesting history. 8 in) and body mass averages 82. Jan 5, 2017 · Mating Lion Is Attacked By Buffalo Herd Horrible Clash Of Wild Animals Buffalo Vs Lion. Perhaps the most unmistakable feature of the buffalo is its majestic set of horns. These individual spawning units are commonly comprised of one female, the center of the spawning unit, and a range of 2 to 4 males. 5 meters). Peak breeding season occurs between March and May, with calves being born between January and April. The name 'Bufflehead' is derived from 'buffalo-head,' for the male's odd puffy head shape. 5 feet (2. What this blundering African bovine lacks in style, it compensates for in substance. Visually the sexes are not greatly differentiated from one another. The female will lay between two and four eggs and incubation is carried out by the female. Frogs, like the African Clawed Frog, produce distinctive calls to attract females. All bird guide text and rangemaps adapted from Lives of North American Birds by Kenn Kaufman© 1996 Jun 17, 2018 · During mating season, the bulls fight over who will have the right to mate with over fifty females. Noise master tv. Buffalos lived throughout North America before the 19th century. 2 meters) and 5 feet high at the hump (1. 6 to 6. 11. Lion mating is a fascinating subject that sheds light on the intricate social structures and behaviors within prides. Bison are the largest mammal in North America. Apr 25, 2017 · After mating, the males are chased away by females for the next 11 to 72 hours. Weight runs between 265 to 420 pounds. They can reach 6. In flight the species shows striking white wing patches. Jul 29, 2015 · The buffalo is a very robust and strong animal. Today, it is also found in Italy, the Balkans, Australia, North America, South America and some African countries. 5 in) in length and 57 to 85 g (2. Bufflehead The cattalo is the work of years of experimenting by the Canadian government. Buffalo Mating Videos 331 royalty free stock videos and video clips of Buffalo Mating. 7–7. Size: 4 to 5 feet tall. Charlotte Johnston, TheCattleSite junior editor meets the family to find out how Mar 15, 2024 · Yellowstone is the only place in the lower 48 states to have a continuously free-ranging bison population since prehistoric times. At five or six, the horns might be fully May 27, 2024 · The males average 1,600 pounds as adults–about as big as a four-wheeler! They also stand about five feet tall at the shoulder and reach as long as seven feet from nose to tail. Reproduction. It will quicken the GS research and be significantly helpful in promoting buffalo breeding. Single calves are born between January and April, with a distinct peak in February. Subscribe to BBC Earth for more amazing animal videos - ht Mar 12, 2024 · Key Takeaways: Animals have diverse mating behaviors and patterns that significantly impact their reproductive success. The water buffalo of the family Bovidae can be found in The buffalo’s wide row of incisor teeth and deft tongue make them able to eat grass quicker than most other African herbivores. BROWSE NOW >>> At one time, bison were wide­spread from Alaska to north­ern Mex­ico (Meagher, 1986). The mating season for Cape Buffaloes typically falls between March and May. Weight: 660 to 1,840 pounds. Common Name: Cape Buffalo; Scientific Name: Syncerus caffer; Size: Approximately 4. Over 2,200 species of black flies have been formally named, of which 15 are extinct. To know if the female dog is really pregnant, you need to visit the vet and the vet will run the test to Feb 28, 2024 · Water buffalo are social animals and are not territorial. Oct 25, 2017 · Shoulder Height: 1 to 1. 6 ft) and its head-and-body length can range from 1. However, during the 1800s, professional hunters started to hunt them frequently. 6 days ago · Swans usually choose their mates through elaborate courtship rituals. Most Buffalo Mating Close up | Dairy Farm by Amir Sijjad Conclusion. ”. 5 to 6. African buffalo also have a terrible reputation for being ornery. Water buffalo can be active during the day or night, with feeding usually occurring in the late afternoon and evening. That year, 10 bulls and 10 cows were relocated to the 24,000-acre North Unit. On average, group size for a Cape buffalo herd is about 350 members, but may contain as many as 20,000. 5 feet, with a 26 to 40 inch tail. Here they roamed freely on 46,000 acres of park land and by 1962 the herd had increased to 145 animals. After mating the normal gestation period lasts for 63-65 days in dogs. Animal Video · Original audio Jan 14, 2022 · Yellowstone’s bison population is divided into two breeding herds, northern and central, that together include roughly 4,000-5,000 animals. htmlS The cattalo is the work of years of experimenting by the Canadian government. How often do swans mate? Swans usually mate once a year during their mating season, which typically occurs in spring. 1. 2-8 km. The water buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis ), also called the domestic water buffalo or Asian water buffalo, is a large bovid originating in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Each herd has a “pathfinder” that leads the way to pasture and water. 6ft) Weight: 500 to 1,000kg (1,100 to 2,200lb) (Cape buffalo); 250 to 450 kg (600 to 1,000lb) (Forest buffalo) Conservation Status: Least Concern. ©Hugh Lansdown/Shutterstock. Its shoulder height can range from 1. Jan 9, 2022 · #naturalanimalmeeting#cowbullandbuffalo#hybridmating#crossmeeting#cowmeeting#cowmating#cow matinghttps://youtu. It was named the national mammal of the USA in 2016, joining the Bald Eagle as the official symbol of the country and one of the best conservation success stories. Explore more fun facts about the American bison: 1. The tail can range from 70 to 110 cm (28 to 43 in) long. Water buffaloes are herbivores, feeding on a purely vegetarian diet. qk rn ml wc hg go zq ef qd wf